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1  %$Header: /home/dashley/cvsrep/e3ft_gpl01/e3ft_gpl01/dtaipubs/esrgubka/c_hgr0/c_hgr0.tex,v 1.7 2004/03/17 01:37:52 dtashley Exp $  %$Header$
2    
3  \chapter{The Holy Grail}  \chapter{The Holy Grail}
4    
5  \label{chgr0}  \label{chgr0}
6    
7  \beginchapterquote{``It seems that mathematical ideas are arranged somehow in strata,  \beginchapterquote{``It seems that mathematical ideas are arranged somehow in strata,
8                     the ideas in each stratum being linked by a complex of                     the ideas in each stratum being linked by a complex of
9                                     relations both among themselves and with those above and below.                                       relations both among themselves and with those above and below.  
10                                     The lower the stratum, the deeper (and in general the more difficult)                                     The lower the stratum, the deeper (and in general the more difficult)
11                                     the idea.  Thus the idea of an `irrational' is deeper than that                                     the idea.  Thus the idea of an `irrational' is deeper than that
12                                     of an integer \ldots{}  Let us concentrate our attention on                                     of an integer \ldots{}  Let us concentrate our attention on
13                                     the relations between the integers, or some other group of                                     the relations between the integers, or some other group of
14                                     objects lying in some particular stratum.                                       objects lying in some particular stratum.  
15                                     Then it may happen that one of these relations can be                                     Then it may happen that one of these relations can be
16                                     comprehended completely, that we can recognize and prove,                                     comprehended completely, that we can recognize and prove,
17                                     for example, some property of the integers, without any                                     for example, some property of the integers, without any
18                                     knowledge of the contents of lower strata                                     knowledge of the contents of lower strata
19                                     \ldots{}  But there are also many theorems about integers                                     \ldots{}  But there are also many theorems about integers
20                                     which we cannot appreciate properly, and still less prove,                                     which we cannot appreciate properly, and still less prove,
21                                     without digging deeper and considering what happens                                     without digging deeper and considering what happens
22                                     below.''}{G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician's Apology,                                     below.''}{G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician's Apology,
23                                     pp. 110-111\index{Hardy, G. H.}}                                     pp. 110-111\index{Hardy, G. H.}}
24    
25  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
26  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
27  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
28  \section{Introduction}  \section{Introduction}
29  %Section tag:  INT0  %Section tag:  INT0
30  \label{chgr0:sint0}  \label{chgr0:sint0}
31    
32  Engineers in general and software engineers in particular are often  Engineers in general and software engineers in particular are often
33  contentious and arrogant.  It is common for  contentious and arrogant.  It is common for
34  embedded software developers to derogate each other's work.  The enabling  embedded software developers to derogate each other's work.  The enabling
35  element for this type of contention is that there is \emph{no single right way}  element for this type of contention is that there is \emph{no single right way}
36  to construct an embedded software system, and few clear unequivocal metrics  to construct an embedded software system, and few clear unequivocal metrics
37  of goodness.  Without an unambiguous way of comparing different  of goodness.  Without an unambiguous way of comparing different
38  software solutions and deciding which is better (and why), differences of  software solutions and deciding which is better (and why), differences of
39  opinion and and rivalries are unavoidable.  opinion and and rivalries are unavoidable.
40    
41  In this chapter, we concentrate on the holy grail\footnote{In this context  In this chapter, we concentrate on the holy grail\footnote{In this context
42  we define \emph{holy grail} as an unattainable set of goals.}  we define \emph{holy grail} as an unattainable set of goals.}
43  of embedded software development.  We seek a set of unattainable  of embedded software development.  We seek a set of unattainable
44  goals to clarify our thought processes.  We seek to identify what we are  goals to clarify our thought processes.  We seek to identify what we are
45  trying to achieve in embedded software systems and in embedded software development.  trying to achieve in embedded software systems and in embedded software development.
46    
47  There are several attributes of software in general and embedded  There are several attributes of software in general and embedded
48  software in particular that make it difficult to devise unequivocal  software in particular that make it difficult to devise unequivocal
49  metrics of goodness.  metrics of goodness.
50    
51  First, software has more degrees of freedom in its construction  First, software has more degrees of freedom in its construction
52  than other engineering endeavors.  than other engineering endeavors.
53  In \cite[p. 6]{bibref:b:boochoodwithapps}, Booch \index{Booch, Grady} writes:  In \cite[p. 6]{bibref:b:boochoodwithapps}, Booch \index{Booch, Grady} writes:
54    
55  \begin{quote}  \begin{quote}
56  \emph{``A home-building  \emph{``A home-building
57  company generally does not operate its own tree farm from which to harvest trees  company generally does not operate its own tree farm from which to harvest trees
58  for lumber; it is highly unusual for a construction firm to build an  for lumber; it is highly unusual for a construction firm to build an
59  on-site steel mill to forge custom girders for a new building.  Yet in the  on-site steel mill to forge custom girders for a new building.  Yet in the
60  software industry such practice is common.  Software offers the ultimate  software industry such practice is common.  Software offers the ultimate
61  flexibility, so it is possible for a developer to express almost any kind  flexibility, so it is possible for a developer to express almost any kind
62  of abstraction.  This flexibility turns out to be an incredibly seductive  of abstraction.  This flexibility turns out to be an incredibly seductive
63  property, however, because it also forces the developer to craft virtually  property, however, because it also forces the developer to craft virtually
64  all the primitive building blocks upon which these higher level abstrctions  all the primitive building blocks upon which these higher level abstrctions
65  stand.  While the construction industry has uniform building codes and  stand.  While the construction industry has uniform building codes and
66  standards for the quality of raw materials, few such standards exist in the  standards for the quality of raw materials, few such standards exist in the
67  software industry.  As a result, software development remains a labor-intensive  software industry.  As a result, software development remains a labor-intensive
68  business.''}  business.''}
69  \end{quote}  \end{quote}
70    
71  Additionally,  Booch writes \cite[p. 51]{bibref:b:boochoodwithapps}:  Additionally,  Booch writes \cite[p. 51]{bibref:b:boochoodwithapps}:
72    
73  \begin{quote}  \begin{quote}
74  \emph{``Modules serve as the physical containers in which we declare the classes and  \emph{``Modules serve as the physical containers in which we declare the classes and
75  objects of our logical design.  This is no different than the situation faced  objects of our logical design.  This is no different than the situation faced
76  by the electrical engineer designing a board-level computer.  NAND, NOR, and  by the electrical engineer designing a board-level computer.  NAND, NOR, and
77  NOT gates might be used to construct the necessary logic, but these gates  NOT gates might be used to construct the necessary logic, but these gates
78  must be physically packaged in standard integrated circuits, such as a 7400,  must be physically packaged in standard integrated circuits, such as a 7400,
79  7402, or 7404.  Lacking any such standard software parts, the software engineer  7402, or 7404.  Lacking any such standard software parts, the software engineer
80  has considerably more degrees of freedom---as if the electrical engineer had  has considerably more degrees of freedom---as if the electrical engineer had
81  a silicon foundry at his or her disposal.''}  a silicon foundry at his or her disposal.''}
82  \end{quote}  \end{quote}
83    
84  Electronic hardware designers have less freedom in hardware designs than software  Electronic hardware designers have less freedom in hardware designs than software
85  designers do in software designs.  Available hardware components are  designers do in software designs.  Available hardware components are
86  naturally limited by physical phenomena, such the number of pins  naturally limited by physical phenomena, such the number of pins
87  that can be placed on an integrated circuit package, that tend to  that can be placed on an integrated circuit package, that tend to
88  limit the complexity of the connectivity between hardware components.  limit the complexity of the connectivity between hardware components.
89  It is much harder  It is much harder
90  to create a truly bad hardware design than a truly bad software design.  to create a truly bad hardware design than a truly bad software design.
91    
92  Second, metrics of goodness are more obvious and easier to agree  Second, metrics of goodness are more obvious and easier to agree
93  on in other engineering disciplines than in software engineering.  on in other engineering disciplines than in software engineering.
94  For example, in the design of electronic hardware, serious disagreements  For example, in the design of electronic hardware, serious disagreements
95  among hardware  among hardware
96  designers are rare because it is easier to reach agreement about the  designers are rare because it is easier to reach agreement about the
97  measures of goodness of a hardware design.  Given two [competing] hardware  measures of goodness of a hardware design.  Given two [competing] hardware
98  designs, it is almost always clear which is better, based on simple  designs, it is almost always clear which is better, based on simple
99  critera such as cost, circuit board area, power consumption, etc.  critera such as cost, circuit board area, power consumption, etc.
100  Measures of software design goodness are less clear and obvious.  Measures of software design goodness are less clear and obvious.
101    
102  Third, software---especially small embedded software---often allows  Third, software---especially small embedded software---often allows
103  tradeoffs between management of complexity and other desirable  tradeoffs between management of complexity and other desirable
104  attributes, such as minimum ROM consumption or the best real-time  attributes, such as minimum ROM consumption or the best real-time
105  characteristics.  In many cases, it is easy to modify software  characteristics.  In many cases, it is easy to modify software
106  to use less ROM or RAM or to perform better in a real-time sense,  to use less ROM or RAM or to perform better in a real-time sense,
107  but at the expense of a clear and consistent design (i.e. management of  but at the expense of a clear and consistent design (i.e. management of
108  complexity).  complexity).
109  Many disagreements between software developers  Many disagreements between software developers
110  arise because developers can't agree which tradeoffs should be  arise because developers can't agree which tradeoffs should be
111  made between  made between
112  clear structure of the software (i.e. effective management of complexity)  clear structure of the software (i.e. effective management of complexity)
113  and other desirable attributes.  and other desirable attributes.
114    
115    
116  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
117  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
118  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
119  \section{Overview Of Desirable Attributes}  \section{Overview Of Desirable Attributes}
120  %Section tag:  ODA0  %Section tag:  ODA0
121  \label{chgr0:soda0}  \label{chgr0:soda0}
122    
123  This section briefly enumerates what we consider to be the desirable  This section briefly enumerates what we consider to be the desirable
124  attributes of small embedded software and the product development  attributes of small embedded software and the product development
125  process and infrastructure.  Each attribute is discussed in more  process and infrastructure.  Each attribute is discussed in more
126  detail later in the chapter.  Each desirable attribute below is  detail later in the chapter.  Each desirable attribute below is
127  numbered with a ``\desirablepropertyprefix'' number so that it  numbered with a ``\desirablepropertyprefix'' number so that it
128  can be cross-referenced.  can be cross-referenced.
129    
130  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
131    
132  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of Embedded Software}  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of Embedded Software}
133    
134  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
135    
136  \item \textbf{Minimum Program Memory Consumption    \item \textbf{Minimum Program Memory Consumption  
137        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpm}.}        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpm}.}
138            An embedded software load            An embedded software load
139        should use as little ROM or other program memory as possible.        should use as little ROM or other program memory as possible.
140            Microcontrollers containing more ROM are more costly, and so            Microcontrollers containing more ROM are more costly, and so
141            a primary goal is to minimize ROM consumption so that the            a primary goal is to minimize ROM consumption so that the
142            least expensive microcontrollers can be used.            least expensive microcontrollers can be used.
143    
144  \item \textbf{Minimum RAM Consumption  \item \textbf{Minimum RAM Consumption
145        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minram}.}        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minram}.}
146            Minimization of RAM            Minimization of RAM
147        consumption is a primary goal so that the least        consumption is a primary goal so that the least
148            expensive microcontrollers can be used.            expensive microcontrollers can be used.
149    
150  \item \textbf{Minimum EEPROM Consumption  \item \textbf{Minimum EEPROM Consumption
151        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:mineeprom}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:mineeprom}.}  
152            Minimization of            Minimization of
153        EEPROM consumption is a primary goal so that the least        EEPROM consumption is a primary goal so that the least
154            expensive microcontrollers can be used.            expensive microcontrollers can be used.
155    
156  \item \textbf{Optimal CPU Cycle Utilization  \item \textbf{Optimal CPU Cycle Utilization
157        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:bestcpucycle}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:bestcpucycle}.}  
158            We seek to design            We seek to design
159        systems that, for a given set of requirements, can        systems that, for a given set of requirements, can
160        meet the requirements most efficiently with respect        meet the requirements most efficiently with respect
161        to CPU demands.  Such systems enable the use of slower [less costly]        to CPU demands.  Such systems enable the use of slower [less costly]
162        microcontrollers, are less likely to conceal behavior,        microcontrollers, are less likely to conceal behavior,
163            and are easier to modify.            and are easier to modify.
164    
165  \item \textbf{Minimal Possibility Of Concealed Behavior  \item \textbf{Minimal Possibility Of Concealed Behavior
166        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpconcealedbeh}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpconcealedbeh}.}  
167            We seek to build            We seek to build
168        software systems that are not likely to        software systems that are not likely to
169        conceal behavior during product testing.  Systems that have a large        conceal behavior during product testing.  Systems that have a large
170        ability to conceal behavior may pass product testing but        ability to conceal behavior may pass product testing but
171        still exhibit defects for customers.  The inability to conceal behavior        still exhibit defects for customers.  The inability to conceal behavior
172        is closely related to other desirable characteristics:        is closely related to other desirable characteristics:
173    
174  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
175    
176  \item \textbf{Minimization Of State Space  \item \textbf{Minimization Of State Space
177        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minss}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minss}.}  
178            Many software defects are tied to            Many software defects are tied to
179        software that holds more state than necessary.  We seek to correctly        software that holds more state than necessary.  We seek to correctly
180        identify the minimum necessary state space of the software and to        identify the minimum necessary state space of the software and to
181            construct software that is minimally stateful.            construct software that is minimally stateful.
182    
183  \item \textbf{Minimization Of Scheduling Freedom  \item \textbf{Minimization Of Scheduling Freedom
184        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minschedfreedom}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minschedfreedom}.}  
185            We seek to minimize the way in which            We seek to minimize the way in which
186        external events can affect the way software components are scheduled for        external events can affect the way software components are scheduled for
187        execution.  Simpler \emph{is} better.        execution.  Simpler \emph{is} better.
188    
189  \item \textbf{Minimization Of Non-Linear Behavior  \item \textbf{Minimization Of Non-Linear Behavior
190        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minnonlin}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:minnonlin}.}  
191            Systems with            Systems with
192        strongly non-linear or chaotic tendencies are undesirable.        strongly non-linear or chaotic tendencies are undesirable.
193    
194  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
195    
196  \item \textbf{Robustness.  \item \textbf{Robustness.
197        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:robustness}}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:robustness}}  
198            We seek to build systems that are robust with            We seek to build systems that are robust with
199        respect to state upset of the controller, intermittent failure of        respect to state upset of the controller, intermittent failure of
200            sensors and actuators, modeling errors, component aging, and variable            sensors and actuators, modeling errors, component aging, and variable
201        real-time loading of the software.        real-time loading of the software.
202    
203  \item \textbf{Maximum Re-Usability Of Code  \item \textbf{Maximum Re-Usability Of Code
204        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:maxreusecode}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:maxreusecode}.}  
205            We seek to be able to re-use            We seek to be able to re-use
206        software components, and we seek to be able to develop        software components, and we seek to be able to develop
207            new products with a minimum of new software component development.              new products with a minimum of new software component development.  
208            This goal related to both economy and to software quality.            This goal related to both economy and to software quality.
209        Repeatedly reinventing the wheel is expensive, and it also introduces quality        Repeatedly reinventing the wheel is expensive, and it also introduces quality
210        concerns---it is more reliable to reuse software components        concerns---it is more reliable to reuse software components
211        that have had prolonged exposure in existing products.        that have had prolonged exposure in existing products.
212    
213  \item \textbf{Testability and Instrumentability  \item \textbf{Testability and Instrumentability
214        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:testability}.}        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:testability}.}
215            We desire to construct software systems that are testable and            We desire to construct software systems that are testable and
216            instrumentable.  This desirable attribute includes the detection of            instrumentable.  This desirable attribute includes the detection of
217            internal errors, the measurement of timing margins, and other requirements            internal errors, the measurement of timing margins, and other requirements
218            and best practices.            and best practices.
219    
220  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
221    
222  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of a Product Development Process}  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of a Product Development Process}
223    
224  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
225    
226  \item \textbf{Minimum Development Time  \item \textbf{Minimum Development Time
227        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:mindevtime}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:mindevtime}.}  
228            We seek to minimize the time to bring            We seek to minimize the time to bring
229        product to market.        product to market.
230    
231  \item \textbf{Feedback Path From Defects And Near Defects To Process, Training,  \item \textbf{Feedback Path From Defects And Near Defects To Process, Training,
232        And Tools        And Tools
233            \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:feedbackpath}.}              \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:feedbackpath}.}  
234            We seek to be able to record defects (that make it into            We seek to be able to record defects (that make it into
235        production) and near defects (that nearly make it into production),        production) and near defects (that nearly make it into production),
236        and feed these back into the product development process        and feed these back into the product development process
237            (in the event that any process step could have prevented            (in the event that any process step could have prevented
238        the defect or near defect), into the training for software developers, and into        the defect or near defect), into the training for software developers, and into
239        the tool set (if the defect or near defect is automatically detectable).        the tool set (if the defect or near defect is automatically detectable).
240    
241  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
242    
243  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of Human Environment}  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of Human Environment}
244    
245  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
246    
247  \item \textbf{Self-Actualizing Experience for Employees  \item \textbf{Self-Actualizing Experience for Employees
248        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:saexperience}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:saexperience}.}  
249            We seek to provide a self-actualizing            We seek to provide a self-actualizing
250        experience for employees.  Any employee should leave        experience for employees.  Any employee should leave
251            a company with far more skills            a company with far more skills
252        than they had on their arrival.        than they had on their arrival.
253    
254  \item \textbf{Best Experiences for the Top 20\% of Employees  \item \textbf{Best Experiences for the Top 20\% of Employees
255        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:betop20}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:betop20}.}  
256            It is common knowledge that the most            It is common knowledge that the most
257        capable 20\% of software developers make 80\% of the competitive contribution.        capable 20\% of software developers make 80\% of the competitive contribution.
258        It is also common knowledge that this 20\% is the most sensitive to working conditions        It is also common knowledge that this 20\% is the most sensitive to working conditions
259        which impair productivity.        which impair productivity.
260        We seek to make it easier for this 20\% to be the most productive.\footnote{Note that this        We seek to make it easier for this 20\% to be the most productive.\footnote{Note that this
261        notion of protecting the most productive employees is built into the work environment        notion of protecting the most productive employees is built into the work environment
262        so that we don't often think of this goal.  For example, in a dentist's office, the        so that we don't often think of this goal.  For example, in a dentist's office, the
263        dentist certainly \emph{could} schedule appointments and follow up with insurance        dentist certainly \emph{could} schedule appointments and follow up with insurance
264        claims, but economically it is more feasible to have an administrative staff do        claims, but economically it is more feasible to have an administrative staff do
265        this.  Similarly, when obtaining technical support for a software product, one rarely reaches          this.  Similarly, when obtaining technical support for a software product, one rarely reaches  
266        the actual software developers.  We also do not claim that we need to identify the        the actual software developers.  We also do not claim that we need to identify the
267        20\%, simply that we need to remove institutional productivity barriers.}        20\%, simply that we need to remove institutional productivity barriers.}
268    
269  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
270    
271  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of Administrative System}  \item \textbf{Desirable Properties of Administrative System}
272    
273  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
274    
275  \item \textbf{A Place For Everything, And Everything In Its Place  \item \textbf{A Place For Everything, And Everything In Its Place
276        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:placeforeverything}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:placeforeverything}.}  
277            We seek administrative            We seek administrative
278        neatness and consistency.        neatness and consistency.
279    
280  \item \textbf{Elimination Of Redundant Information  \item \textbf{Elimination Of Redundant Information
281        \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:lackredinfo}.}          \desirablepropertyemit\label{dp:chgr0:soda0:lackredinfo}.}  
282            Redundant information in product            Redundant information in product
283        development is harmful in two ways.  First, it is tedious and costly to [manually] maintain        development is harmful in two ways.  First, it is tedious and costly to [manually] maintain
284        the same information in different places.  Second, such an arrangement is a change        the same information in different places.  Second, such an arrangement is a change
285        risk, because the information may be updated in one place but not another.        risk, because the information may be updated in one place but not another.
286    
287  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
288    
289  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
290    
291  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
292  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
293  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
294  \section{Detailed Description Of Desirable Attributes}  \section{Detailed Description Of Desirable Attributes}
295  %Section tag:  DDA0  %Section tag:  DDA0
296  \label{chgr0:sdda0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0}
297    
298    
299  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
300  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
301  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
302  \subsection[Minimum ROM, RAM, And EEPROM Consumption]  \subsection[Minimum ROM, RAM, And EEPROM Consumption]
303             {Minimum ROM, RAM, And EEPROM Consumption             {Minimum ROM, RAM, And EEPROM Consumption
304             (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpm},             (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpm},
305                     \desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minram},                     \desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minram},
306                     and                     and
307                     \desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:mineeprom})}                     \desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:mineeprom})}
308  %Subsection tag:  MRE0  %Subsection tag:  MRE0
309  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mre0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mre0}
310    
311  Typical inexpensive microcontrollers come in families of parts with  Typical inexpensive microcontrollers come in families of parts with
312  the same CPU core but different amounts of ROM, RAM, and EEPROM; with different  the same CPU core but different amounts of ROM, RAM, and EEPROM; with different
313  numbers of I/O pins; and often with different I/O peripherals.    numbers of I/O pins; and often with different I/O peripherals.  
314  Almost invariably, members of a  Almost invariably, members of a
315  family are priced so that the parts with more capability are more expensive.  family are priced so that the parts with more capability are more expensive.
316    
317  Because of the cost differential, there is often substantial pressure  Because of the cost differential, there is often substantial pressure
318  on microcontroller software developers to create software which  on microcontroller software developers to create software which
319  uese as little ROM, RAM, and EEPROM as possible; so that the least  uese as little ROM, RAM, and EEPROM as possible; so that the least
320  expensive parts can be used.  Additionally, it often happens that  expensive parts can be used.  Additionally, it often happens that
321  a software load consumes nearly all the resources of the  a software load consumes nearly all the resources of the
322  largest available part in a family, so that no options are available  largest available part in a family, so that no options are available
323  if the software cannot be made to fit.  if the software cannot be made to fit.
324    
325  Thus, strategies to minimize the consumption of ROM, RAM, and EEPROM  Thus, strategies to minimize the consumption of ROM, RAM, and EEPROM
326  are of great interest in embedded software development.  are of great interest in embedded software development.
327    
328  Somewhat counterintuitively, the rigorous application of ROM-, RAM-, and  Somewhat counterintuitively, the rigorous application of ROM-, RAM-, and
329  EEPROM-reduction strategies from the \emph{start} of a product development  EEPROM-reduction strategies from the \emph{start} of a product development
330  may actually \emph{increase} the probability of a product development  may actually \emph{increase} the probability of a product development
331  failure.  If these strategies are applied from the very start of a  failure.  If these strategies are applied from the very start of a
332  product development, there will be little or no ``fat'' left in software modules  product development, there will be little or no ``fat'' left in software modules
333  that can be trimmed if ROM, RAM, or EEPROM limits are reached.  that can be trimmed if ROM, RAM, or EEPROM limits are reached.
334  The rigorous application of ROM-, RAM-, and EEPROM-reduction strategies  The rigorous application of ROM-, RAM-, and EEPROM-reduction strategies
335  must be accompanied by an increased respect for storage size limits.  must be accompanied by an increased respect for storage size limits.
336    
337    
338  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
339  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
340  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
341  \subsection[Optimal CPU Cycle Utilization]  \subsection[Optimal CPU Cycle Utilization]
342             {Optimal CPU Cycle Utilization             {Optimal CPU Cycle Utilization
343             (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:bestcpucycle})}             (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:bestcpucycle})}
344  %Subsection tag:  BCC0  %Subsection tag:  BCC0
345  \label{chgr0:sdda0:bcc0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:bcc0}
346    
347  In many applications, it may be advantageous to use the least-capable  In many applications, it may be advantageous to use the least-capable
348  microcontroller with the slowest clock rate that will suffice for the  microcontroller with the slowest clock rate that will suffice for the
349  application.  The reasons that this may be advantageous are:  application.  The reasons that this may be advantageous are:
350    
351  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
352  \item More capable microcontrollers are generally more costly.  \item More capable microcontrollers are generally more costly.
353  \item It may be advantageous to operate a micrcontroller at less than  \item It may be advantageous to operate a micrcontroller at less than
354        the maximum allowable clock frequency.        the maximum allowable clock frequency.
355     \begin{enumerate}     \begin{enumerate}
356     \item A system with a higher clock rate usually consumes more power, and     \item A system with a higher clock rate usually consumes more power, and
357           the relationship is often approximately linear.           the relationship is often approximately linear.
358     \item There may be certain frequencies at which the embedded system should     \item There may be certain frequencies at which the embedded system should
359           not emit signals.  (For example, in an automotive application, the           not emit signals.  (For example, in an automotive application, the
360                   AM and FM radio bands are to be avoided.  If the clock frequency of                   AM and FM radio bands are to be avoided.  If the clock frequency of
361                   the system is chosen so that the frequency or a harmonic is in these                   the system is chosen so that the frequency or a harmonic is in these
362                   bands, the system must be shielded or otherwise made more expensive.)                   bands, the system must be shielded or otherwise made more expensive.)
363     \end{enumerate}     \end{enumerate}
364  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
365    
366  The general principles that apply to optimization for CPU-cycle efficiency are:  The general principles that apply to optimization for CPU-cycle efficiency are:
367    
368  \begin{enumerate}  \begin{enumerate}
369  \item The mechanisms that pervade the system must be examined carefully and  \item The mechanisms that pervade the system must be examined carefully and
370        optimized.  Typical mechanisms that must be optimized are:        optimized.  Typical mechanisms that must be optimized are:
371    
372            \begin{enumerate}            \begin{enumerate}
373            \item \textbf{Time measurement mechanisms.}            \item \textbf{Time measurement mechanisms.}
374                  The notion of \emph{time} typically pervades an                  The notion of \emph{time} typically pervades an
375                          embedded system.  It is typical for many                          embedded system.  It is typical for many
376                          software components to contain state-machine logic                          software components to contain state-machine logic
377                          with transition functions that are functions of time.                          with transition functions that are functions of time.
378                          Decisions about how to represent time and how to test                          Decisions about how to represent time and how to test
379                          elapsed time can have a \emph{profound} effect on                          elapsed time can have a \emph{profound} effect on
380                          the performance of the system.                          the performance of the system.
381        \item \textbf{IPC mechanisms.}        \item \textbf{IPC mechanisms.}
382                  The mechanisms by which                  The mechanisms by which
383            \end{enumerate}            \end{enumerate}
384  \end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate}
385    
386    
387  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
388  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
389  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
390  \subsection[Minimal Possibility of Concealed Behavior]  \subsection[Minimal Possibility of Concealed Behavior]
391             {Minimal Possibility of Concealed Behavior             {Minimal Possibility of Concealed Behavior
392             (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpconcealedbeh})}             (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minpconcealedbeh})}
393  %Subsection tag:  mpc0  %Subsection tag:  mpc0
394  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0}
395    
396    
397  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
398  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
399  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
400  \subsubsection[Minimization of State Space]  \subsubsection[Minimization of State Space]
401                {Minimization of State Space                {Minimization of State Space
402                (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minss})}                (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minss})}
403  %Subsubsection tag:  mss0  %Subsubsection tag:  mss0
404  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0:mss0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0:mss0}
405    
406  Many embedded software defects are directly attributable to software which  Many embedded software defects are directly attributable to software which
407  holds more state than necessary.  It is a common observation that  holds more state than necessary.  It is a common observation that
408  novice programmers have difficulty in designing state-minimal  novice programmers have difficulty in designing state-minimal
409  embedded software components---in extreme cases, novice programmers have  embedded software components---in extreme cases, novice programmers have
410  even implemented purely combinational mappings as sequential machines.  even implemented purely combinational mappings as sequential machines.
411    
412  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
413  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
414  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
415  \subsubsection[Minimization of Scheduling Freedom]  \subsubsection[Minimization of Scheduling Freedom]
416                {Minimization of Scheduling Freedom                {Minimization of Scheduling Freedom
417                (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minschedfreedom})}                (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minschedfreedom})}
418  %Subsubsection tag:  msf0  %Subsubsection tag:  msf0
419  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0:msf0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0:msf0}
420    
421    
422  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
423  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
424  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
425  \subsubsection[Minimization of Non-Linear Behavior]  \subsubsection[Minimization of Non-Linear Behavior]
426                {Minimization of Non-Linear Behavior                {Minimization of Non-Linear Behavior
427                (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minnonlin})}                (\desirablepropertycite{dp:chgr0:soda0:minnonlin})}
428  %Subsubsection tag:  mnl0  %Subsubsection tag:  mnl0
429  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0:mnl0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:mpc0:mnl0}
430    
431    
432  \subsection{Freedom From Redundant Information}  \subsection{Freedom From Redundant Information}
433    
434    
435  \subsection{Robustness}  \subsection{Robustness}
436  \label{chgr0:sdda0:srob0}  \label{chgr0:sdda0:srob0}
437    
438    
439  \subsection{Maximum Re-Usability Of Source Code}  \subsection{Maximum Re-Usability Of Source Code}
440    
441    
442  \subsection{Minimum Development Time}  \subsection{Minimum Development Time}
443    
444    
445  \subsection{Feedback Path From Defects To Product Development Process, Training, And Tools}  \subsection{Feedback Path From Defects To Product Development Process, Training, And Tools}
446    
447    
448  %\subsection{Self-Actualizing Experience For Employees}  %\subsection{Self-Actualizing Experience For Employees}
449    
450    
451  %\subsection{Best Experiences For The Top 20\% Of Employees}  %\subsection{Best Experiences For The Top 20\% Of Employees}
452    
453    
454  %\subsection{Administrative Neatness}  %\subsection{Administrative Neatness}
455    
456  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
457    
458  \noindent\begin{figure}[!b]  \noindent\begin{figure}[!b]
459  \noindent\rule[-0.25in]{\textwidth}{1pt}  \noindent\rule[-0.25in]{\textwidth}{1pt}
460  \begin{tiny}  \begin{tiny}
461  \begin{verbatim}  \begin{verbatim}
462  $RCSfile: c_hgr0.tex,v $  $RCSfile: c_hgr0.tex,v $
463  $Source: /home/dashley/cvsrep/e3ft_gpl01/e3ft_gpl01/dtaipubs/esrgubka/c_hgr0/c_hgr0.tex,v $  $Source: /home/dashley/cvsrep/e3ft_gpl01/e3ft_gpl01/dtaipubs/esrgubka/c_hgr0/c_hgr0.tex,v $
464  $Revision: 1.7 $  $Revision: 1.7 $
465  $Author: dtashley $  $Author: dtashley $
466  $Date: 2004/03/17 01:37:52 $  $Date: 2004/03/17 01:37:52 $
467  \end{verbatim}  \end{verbatim}
468  \end{tiny}  \end{tiny}
469  \noindent\rule[0.25in]{\textwidth}{1pt}  \noindent\rule[0.25in]{\textwidth}{1pt}
470  \end{figure}  \end{figure}
471    
472  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
473  % $Log: c_hgr0.tex,v $  % $Log: c_hgr0.tex,v $
474  % Revision 1.7  2004/03/17 01:37:52  dtashley  % Revision 1.7  2004/03/17 01:37:52  dtashley
475  % Edits.  % Edits.
476  %  %
477  % Revision 1.6  2004/03/12 11:24:07  dtashley  % Revision 1.6  2004/03/12 11:24:07  dtashley
478  % General edits and changes.  % General edits and changes.
479  %  %
480  % Revision 1.5  2004/02/22 19:27:47  dtashley  % Revision 1.5  2004/02/22 19:27:47  dtashley
481  % Edits.  % Edits.
482  %  %
483  % Revision 1.4  2003/03/18 06:20:34  dtashley  % Revision 1.4  2003/03/18 06:20:34  dtashley
484  % Section on "robustness" labeled so could be referred to from rational counting  % Section on "robustness" labeled so could be referred to from rational counting
485  % algorithm section.  % algorithm section.
486  %  %
487  % Revision 1.3  2002/08/22 03:56:55  dtashley  % Revision 1.3  2002/08/22 03:56:55  dtashley
488  % Aesthetic changes.  % Aesthetic changes.
489  %  %
490  % Revision 1.2  2001/07/01 19:28:00  dtashley  % Revision 1.2  2001/07/01 19:28:00  dtashley
491  % Move out of binary mode for use with CVS.  % Move out of binary mode for use with CVS.
492  %  %
493  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
494  % $History: c_hgr0.tex $  % $History: c_hgr0.tex $
495  %  %
496  % *****************  Version 3  *****************  % *****************  Version 3  *****************
497  % User: Dashley1     Date: 3/07/01    Time: 12:17a  % User: Dashley1     Date: 3/07/01    Time: 12:17a
498  % Updated in $/uC Software Multi-Volume Book (A)/Chapter, HGR0, Holy Grail  % Updated in $/uC Software Multi-Volume Book (A)/Chapter, HGR0, Holy Grail
499  % Edits.  % Edits.
500  %  %
501  % *****************  Version 2  *****************  % *****************  Version 2  *****************
502  % User: Dashley1     Date: 6/13/00    Time: 7:49p  % User: Dashley1     Date: 6/13/00    Time: 7:49p
503  % Updated in $/uC Software Multi-Volume Book (A)/Chapter, HGR0, Holy Grail  % Updated in $/uC Software Multi-Volume Book (A)/Chapter, HGR0, Holy Grail
504  % Initial check-in.  % Initial check-in.
505  %  %
506  %End of file C_HGR0.TEX  %End of file C_HGR0.TEX

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